Risk factors and determinants of pulmonary function impairments in chronic respiratory diseases in Ethiopia: A hospital-based cross-sectional study

Introduction: Chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) are diseases of the lung airways and parenchyma. Globally, they are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to characterize the common CRDs, along with their lung function and possible determinants in symptomatic patients attending Bishoftu General Hospital, Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sessional study was conducted at the outpatient of Bishoftu Hospital, Ethiopia from June 2019 to March 2020. Consecutive adult patients aged 18 and above with CRDs (≥8 weeks) were recruited. Questionnaires were used to collect data on demographics, symptoms, diagnoses, and putative risk factors. Lung function was measured by spirometry. Result: A total of 170 participants were recruited, the majority 102(60.0%) were female. The mean age was 49 years (SD=16). The most common symptoms were wheezing in the last twelve months 156 (91.8%), cough 138 (81.2%), and severe exertional breathlessness 137 (80.6%). Thirty-nine (22.9%) were either active or passive smokers. Half of the patients (50.3%) were exposed daily to vapors, dust, gases, or fumes and 58 (34.3%) were exposed to biomass smoke. In total, 138 (81.2%) had a positive allergen skin prick test. Chronic bronchitis (49.1%) and asthma (36.1%) were the most common clinical diagnoses. Classification of lung function revealed 23 (15%) normal, 29 (19%) obstructive, 36(23.5%) restrictive and 61(39.9%) mixed patterns. Airflow obstruction was independently associated with increasing age (p<0.05), exertional breathlessness (p<0.001), previous history of asthma (p<0.05), BMI (p<0.05), and doctor-diagnosed chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (p<0.001) and asthma (p<0.05). Conclusion: This study shows a high burden of abnormal lung function in patients attending clinics because of CRDs symptoms. These findings support the critical need for spirometry services to determine lung abnormality in patients with chronic respiratory symptoms.

Probability of premature mortality due to four chronic diseases in Jiangmen City from 2012 to 2021 / 预防医学

Objective@#To investigate the mortality of malignant tumors, diabetes, cardio-cerebrovascular diseases and chronic respiratory diseases and trends in probability of premature mortality due to these four chronic diseases in Jiangmen City, Guangdong Province from 2012 to 2021, so as to provide the evidence for perfecting the chronic disease control strategy. @*Methods@#The mortality of malignant tumors, diabetes, cardio-cerebrovascular diseases and chronic respiratory diseases among household registered residents in Jiangmen City from 2012 to 2021 were collected from the Guangdong Provincial Population Death Information Registration Management System, and the crude mortality, standardized mortality by the population of the Fifth National Population Census in China in 2000 and probability of premature mortality were calculated. The trends in mortality and probability of premature mortality were analyzed using average annual percent change (AAPC), and whether achieving the targets for the probability of premature mortality due to four chronic diseases in 2025 and 2030 were evaluated.@*Results@#A total of 226 012 deaths occurred due to four chronic diseases in Jiangmen City from 2012 to 2021, and the overall crude mortality and standardized mortality rates were 569.22/105 and 283.29/105, with a reduction in the probability of premature mortality from 15.04% to 12.05% (AAPC=-2.403%, Z=-7.603, P<0.001). The probability of premature mortality due to four chronic diseases decreased from 19.21% to 16.38% in males, and from 10.42% to 7.58% in females (AAPC=-1.893% and -3.085%, Z=-5.262 and -9.811, both P<0.001). The probability of premature mortality due to diabetes appeared a tendency towards a rise (AAPC=2.317%, Z=2.548, P=0.034), and the probability of premature mortality due to cardio-cerebrovascular diseases showed a tendency towards a decline (AAPC=-4.826%, Z=-13.590, P<0.001), while no significant changing trend was seen in the probability of premature mortality due to malignant tumors or chronic respiratory diseases (AAPC=-0.751% and -2.461%, Z=-1.532 and -1.730, P=0.125 and 0.122). The predicted probability of premature mortality due to four chronic diseases was 10.92% in 2025 and 9.66% in 2030 in Jiangmen City, which were both lower than the target (11.21% and 9.81%). @*Conclusions@#The probability of premature mortality due to four chronic diseases appeared a tendency towards a decline in Jiangmen City from 2012 to 2021, which can reach the target in 2025 and 2030. Males should be given a high priority for interventions of chronic diseases, and diabetes control should be reinforced.

Cánula Nasal de Alto Flujo en Adultos con Enfermedades Respiratorias Crónicas durante el Ejercicio Físico: Protocolo de Revisión Sistemática y Metaanálisis / High-Flow Nasal Cannula in Adults with Chronic Respiratory Diseases during Physical Exercise: A Protocol Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Introducción. El entrenamiento físico puede mejorar la capacidad de ejercicio, la disnea y la calidad de vida (CV) en pacientes con enfermedades respiratorias crónicas (ERC). En este contexto, el uso de oxígeno suplementario a través de una cánula nasal de alto flujo (CNAF) podría ser un dispositivo que permita tolerar mayores niveles de actividad con menos síntomas de esfuerzo físico, optimizando en última instancia la capacidad de ejercicio y la CV. Objetivo. Este protocolo pretende conducir una revisión sistemática para evaluar el efecto terapéutico de la CNAF durante el ejercicio físico en pacientes con ERC. Fuente de búsqueda. Se realizarán búsquedas en el Registro Cochrane Central de Ensayos Controlados (CENTRAL), PUBMED, Embase, Lilacs, Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP), ClinicalTrials.gov y literatura gris. Criterios de elegibilidad. Examinaremos los ECA de acuerdo con los criterios de elegibilidad para su inclusión en nuestra revisión. Dos revisores examinarán de forma independiente cada estudio para la elegibilidad, la extracción de datos y la evaluación del riesgo de sesgo. Se combinarán los resultados mediante un metanálisis y se aplicará el sistema GRADE para evaluar la certeza de las pruebas para cada resultado. La medida de resultado primaria será la capacidad de ejercicio, y las medidas de resultado secundarias serán la calidad de vida, la disnea, la funcionalidad, la comodidad, las complicaciones y adherencia. Se realizarán metaanálisis para determinar la diferencia de medias (DM) o la DM estandarizada para los datos continuos y la razón de riesgo para los datos dicotómicos. Se realizarán análisis de subgrupos según los tipos y la gravedad de la enfermedad, las condiciones de ejercicio físico y el estado de los dispositivos de oxigenoterapia. Ética y difusión. Como los investigadores no accederán a información que pueda conducir a la identificación de un participante individual, no fue necesario a obtener aprobación ética. Número de registro de PROSPERO: CRD42022336263.

Background. Physical training can improve exercise capacity, dyspnoea, and quality of life (QoL) in patients with chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs). It has been suggested that using supplemental oxygen through a high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) could lead to higher levels of activity to be tolerated with fewer symptoms of physical exertion, ultimately optimizing exercise capacity and QoL. Objective. To conduct a systematic review to assess the therapeutic effect of HFNC during physical exercise in patients with CRDs. We will search the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), PUBMED, Embase, Lilacs, Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP), ClinicalTrials.gov, and grey literature. Eligibility criteria. We will examine RCTs according to the eligibility criteria for inclusion in our review. Two reviewers will independently examine each study for eligibility, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment. We will combine the results using meta-analysis and apply the GRADE system to assess the certainty of the evidence for each outcome. The primary outcome will be exercise capacity, and secondary outcomes will be QoL, dyspnoea, functionality, comfort, complications, and adherence. We will perform meta-analyses to determine the mean difference (MD) or standardized MD for continuous data and the risk ratio for dichotomous data. Subgroup analyses will be performed according to types and severity of disease, physical exercise conditions, and condition of oxygen therapy devices. Ethics and Dissemination. As researchers will not access information that could lead to the identification of an individual participant, obtaining ethical approval was waived. Prospero registration number: CRD42022336263.

Dietary Habits and Nutritional Status among Preschool Children: An Observational Study at Bagalkot

Background: Knowing what eating habits are associated with a child's development can lead to better long-term health outcomes and improve dietary design interventions. We aimed to identify eating habits associated with the nutritional status of children between 3-6 years living in Chilapur Village of Bagalkot District. Methods: Dietary habits of preschool children were assessed with the aid of a structured score scale in an interview of mothers and fathers of preschool children. Anthropometric measurements like weight, height and mid-arm circumference have been taken to decide the nutritional status of preschool kids with help of Z rating received via WHO Anthro software. Results: Findings of the study reveals that 68% of preschool children had moderate dietary habits and 28% of them had poor eating habits and 4% of them had good eating habits. Nutritional Status assessed through anthropometric measurements shows that 39% of preschool children had moderate nutritional status according to their weight for age (?-2 to +2 Score), 51% of preschool children had moderate nutritional status according to their height for age (?-2 to +2 Score), and 48% of pre-school children had moderate nutritional status according to their Weight for height (?-2 to +2 z score). A significant association was found between Dietary habits and Weight for age (?2 =8.69, p<0.05), Weight for height (?2 =9.12, p<0.05). A significant association was found between dietary habits and Family monthly income (?2=10.58, p<0.05). Conclusion: Nutritional status of children aged between 3�years is of great health concern in India. A better nutritional diversity and meals variety and dietary styles characterized by intake of protein and calorie-rich diet seem beneficial for the growth of younger kids.

Atención odontológica bajo sedación endovenosa (R2) en niños hospitalizados con enfermedades respiratorias crónicas

RESUMEN: El Hospital Josefina Martínez está especializado en atención de niños con enfermedades respiratorias crónicas. En él hemos implementado un modelo de atención odontológica, bajo sedación endovenosa, monitorización cardiorespiratoria con participación de un equipo multidisciplinario. Objetivos: Describir la atención odontológica en pacientes hospitalizados con enfermedades respiratorias crónicas. Identificar las patologías bucales más prevalentes y los tratamientos realizados. Material y Método: El estudio se realizó incluyendo las atenciones odontológicas bajo sedación endovenosa, entre los años 2014-2016, considerando a 18 pacientes hospitalizados. Todos recibieron sedación y analgesia con Midazolam-Ketamina con monitorización continua no invasiva durante el procedimiento. Resultados: Se encontró una alta prevalencia de gingivitis, anomalías dentomaxilares y patologías de erupción. La lesión de caries tuvo baja prevalencia. Los tratamientos realizados fueron: profilaxis, destartarje, aplicación de barniz de clorhexidina y/o flúor, exodoncias, exposición quirúrgica de dientes y restauraciones. Conclusiones: Es importante mostrar nuestra experiencia, ya que hemos realizado tratamientos en forma oportuna, eficiente y de bajo costo, mejorando la salud bucal de los niños. Además fueron atendidos sin necesitar traslado a otro centro de salud, permitiendo resolver las urgencias y la atención odontológica integral de los pacientes.

ABSTRACT: The Josefina Martínez Hospital specializes in the care of children with chronic respiratory diseases. There, we implemented a model of dental care under intravenous sedation and cardiorespiratory monitoring, with the participation of a multidisciplinary team. Objective: Describe dental care in hospitalized patients with chronic respiratory diseases. Identify the most prevalent oral diseases and the treatments performed. Materials and Methodology: The study was conducted including dental care under intravenous sedation, between 2014 and 2016, considering 18 hospitalized patients. All received sedation and analgesia with Midazolam-Ketamine with continuous non-invasive monitoring during the procedure. Results: A high prevalence of gingivitis, dentomaxillary abnormalities and eruption disorders was found. Caries lesion had a low prevalence. The treatments performed were: prophylaxis, scaling, application of chlorhexidine and / or fluoride varnish, extractions, surgical exposure of teeth and restorations. Conclusion: It is important to show our experience, since we have made timely, efficient and low cost treatments, improving the oral health of children. In addition, they were attended without requiring the transfer to other health centers, which allowed to meet the emergencies and the comprehensive dental care of the patients.

Ações de enfermagem em doenças crônicas em pessoas com diagnóstico de Covid-19: estudo retrospectivo / Nursing actions in chronic diseases in people diagnosed with Covid-19: retrospective study

Resumo: Introdução: As doenças respiratórias crônicas representam uma grande carga de invalidez e morte em todo o mundo. Esses problemas foram agravados pela pandemia COVID-19, aumentando a demanda por cuidados de enfermagem. Objetivo: Analisar as ações de enfermagem a pacientes com doenças respiratórias crônicas, associadas à infecção por COVID-19. Método: Estudo observacional, descritivo e retrospectivo com percurso longitudinal, realizado em um hospital de referência para COVID-19 em um município da região sul do Brasil. A fonte de dados foram 42 prontuários eletrônicos de pacientes com doenças respiratórias crônicas e infecção por COVID-19, internados entre março de 2020 e fevereiro de 2021. A coleta de dados foi feita por meio de um formulário com questões referentes à situação sociodemográfica e clínica dos pacientes, e as ações de enfermagem, feitas de acordo com as taxonomias Diagnósticos de enfermagem da North American Nursing Diagnosis Association International (NANDA-I), Classificação de Resultados de Enfermagem (NOC) e Classificação de Intervenções de Enfermagem (NIC). As variáveis foram agrupadas, categorizadas e analisadas descritivamente de acordo com sua distribuição. Resultados: Em relação ao perfil sociodemográfico, a proporção entre homens e mulheres foi equitativa com razão de 1:1, a idade média dos pacientes foi de 56,5 anos, 57,1% deles entre 40 e 69 anos e 85,7% residindo em zona urbana. Em relação ao quadro clínico, a doença crônica prevalente foi a asma (61,9%), seguida da hipertensão arterial (59,5%). Apesar de menos da metade dos pacientes necessitarem de internação em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (40,4%), observou-se alta mortalidade (58,8%) entre eles, predominantemente em mulheres (60%) com idade superior a 60 anos. A hipertensão foi encontrada em 100% dos falecidos, assim como outras doenças cardiovasculares (70%), asma, DPOC e diabetes foram encontrados na mesma proporção (50%). Em relação às ações de enfermagem, 16 diagnósticos segundo a taxonomia NANDA-I e 48 intervenções segundo a taxonomia NIC foram descritos pelos profissionais de enfermagem nos registros, a maioria deles voltada à identificação, controle e redução de problemas respiratórios e/ou derivados da infecção, bem como à prevenção de possíveis riscos. Nenhuma descrição dos resultados foi encontrada de acordo com a taxonomia NOC. Conclusões: Constatou-se que as ações de enfermagem para o cuidado às pessoas com doenças respiratórias acometidas pelo COVID-19 estão voltadas para o tratamento e controle dos sintomas respiratórios e do processo infeccioso. Em relação às intervenções de enfermagem, a maioria foi direcionada à dimensão fisiológica. Os resultados deste estudo evidenciam a importância da prática de enfermagem no contexto da pandemia COVID-19 no cuidado às pessoas com doenças respiratórias crônicas, oferecendo uma visão da variedade de atividades desenvolvidas pelos profissionais de enfermagem durante o processo assistencial.

Abstract: Introduction: Chronic respiratory diseases represent a high burden of disability and death worldwide. These problems were exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, increasing the demand for nursing care. Objective: To analyze the nursing actions for patients with chronic respiratory diseases associated with COVID-19 infection. Method: Observational, descriptive and retrospective study with a longitudinal course, developed in a reference hospital for COVID-19 in a city in southern Brazil. The data source was 42 electronic medical records of patients with chronic respiratory diseases and COVID-19 infection, hospitalized between March 2020 to February 2021. Data collection was carried out using a form that consists of information on the sociodemographic and clinical profile of the patients, and the main nursing actions carried out according to the North American Nursing Diagnosis Association International (NANDA-I), the Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC) and the Nursing Intervention Classification (NIC) taxonomies. The variables were grouped and categorized into sociodemographic, clinical, and those related to nursing actions to later be analyzed descriptively according to their distribution. Results: In relation to the sociodemographic profile, the proportion between men and women was equitable with a ratio of 1:1, the average age of the patients was 56.5 years with 57.1% of these between 40 and 69 years and 85, 7% residing in the urban area. Regarding the clinical profile, the most prevalent chronic disease was Asthma (61.9%), followed by Hypertension (59.5%). Although less than half of the patients required hospitalization in the Intensive Care Unit (40.4%), a high mortality rate (58.8%) among them was observed, predominantly in women (60.0%) older than 60 years. Hypertension was found in 100% of the deceased, as well as other cardiovascular diseases (70.0%), asthma, COPD and diabetes were found in the same proportion (50.0%). Regarding nursing actions,16 diagnoses according to the NANDA-I taxonomy and 48 interventions according to the NIC taxonomy were described by the nursing professionals in the registries, most of them aimed at the identification, control and reduction of respiratory problems and / or those derived from infection, as well as the prevention of possible risks. No description of results was found according to the NOC taxonomy. Conclusions: It was found that nursing actions for the care of people with respiratory diseases affected by COVID-19 are mainly focused on the treatment and control of respiratory symptoms and the infectious process. Regarding nursing interventions, most were directed to the physiological dimension. The results of this study highlight the importance of nursing practice in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, especially in the care of people with chronic respiratory diseases, offering a vision of the great variety of activities developed by the nursing professionals during the caring process.

Resumen: Introducción: Las enfermedades respiratorias crónicas representan una alta carga de discapacidad y muerte a nivel mundial. Estos problemas fueron agravados por la pandemia de COVID-19, aumentando la demanda de cuidados de enfermería. Objetivo: Analizar las acciones de enfermería para pacientes con enfermedades respiratorias crónicas asociadas a la infección por COVID-19. Método: se trata de un estudio observacional, descriptivo y retrospectivo de curso longitudinal, realizado en un hospital de referencia para COVID-19 en un municipio de la región sur de Brasil. La fuente de datos fueron 42 historias clínicas electrónicas de pacientes portadores de enfermedades respiratorias crónicas e infección por COVID-19, hospitalizados entre el periodo de marzo de 2020 a febrero de 2021. La recolección de los datos se realizó por medio de un formulario que consta de informaciones sobre el perfil sociodemográfico, clínico de los pacientes y las principales acciones de enfermería realizadas según las taxonomías Diagnósticos de enfermería de la North American Nursing Diagnosis Association International (NANDA-I), Clasificación de los Resultados de Enfermería (NOC) e Clasificación de las Intervenciones de Enfermería (NIC). Las variables fueron agrupadas y categorizadas en sociodemográficas, clínicas y las relacionadas con las acciones de enfermería para posteriormente ser analizadas de forma descriptiva según su distribución. Resultados: En relación al perfil sociodemográfico, la proporción entre hombres y mujeres fue equitativa con una razón de 1:1, la edad promedio de los pacientes fue de 56,5 años con 57,1% de estos entre los 40 y 69 años, y 85,7% residiendo en el área urbana. Al respecto del perfil clínico, la enfermedad crónica más prevalente fue el Asma (61,9%), seguida por la Hipertensión arterial (59,5%), Aunque menos de la mitad de los pacientes requirió de internación en la Unidad de Terapia Intensiva (40,4%), una alta mortalidad (58,8%) fue observada entre estos, predominantemente en mujeres (60,0%) con edad mayor a 60 años. Se encontró hipertensión en el 100% de los fallecidos, así como otras enfermedades cardiovasculares (70,0%), el asma, la EPOC y la diabetes se encontraron en igual proporción (50,0%). En cuanto a las acciones de enfermería, 16 diagnósticos según la taxonomía NANDA-I y 48 intervenciones según la taxonomía NIC fueron descritas por los profesionales de enfermería en los registros, siendo la mayoría orientadas a la identificación, control y disminución de problemas respiratorios y/o derivados de la infección, así como la prevención de posibles riesgos. No se encontró descripción de resultados de acuerdo a la taxonomía NOC. Conclusiones: Se encontró que las acciones de enfermería para el cuidado de personas con enfermedades respiratorias afectadas por COVID-19 se enfocan principalmente en el tratamiento y control de los síntomas respiratorios y el proceso infeccioso. En cuanto a las intervenciones de enfermería, la mayoría se dirigieron a la dimensión fisiológica. Los resultados de este estudio destacan la importancia de la práctica de enfermería en el contexto de la pandemia por COVID-19, en especial en la atención a personas con enfermedades respiratorias crónicas, ofreciendo una visión de la gran variedad de actividades desarrolladas por los profesionales de enfermería durante el proceso de cuidar.

Experiencia de una Unidad de Ventilación Mecánica Pediátrica Prolongada en un hospital público de Chile / Experience in a Pediatric Prolonged Mechanical Ventilation Unit from a public hospital in Chile

Introducción: Los pacientes hospitalizados con altas dependencias tecnológicas respiratorias son cada vez más frecuentes y generan largas estadías en unidades de cuidados intensivos. Las estrategias que mitiguen su impacto han sido escasamente descritas. Objetivo: Describir 6 años de experiencia de una Unidad de Ventilación Mecánica Prolongada Pediátrica.Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo. Se incluyeron todos los niños ingresados a la Unidad entre 10-2012 y 12-2018. Se realizó estadística descriptiva e inferencial, analizando tiempos de hospitalización y reingresos. Se compararon distintas variables según tipo de patología y ventilación mecánica.Resultados: 113 pacientes registraron 310 ingresos a la Unidad. Edad de ingreso: 2,2 años (0,6-8,8); varones: el 60,2 %. Patologías: enfermedad neuromuscular (el 22,1 %), enfermedad pulmonar crónica (el 20,4 %), daño neurológico (el 34,5 %), obstrucción de vía aérea superior (el 9,7 %), cardiopatía (el 3,5 %), síndrome de Down (el 9,7 %). Se utilizaron 10 507 días/cama; con índice ocupacional del 92,6 %, el 54,8 % de traslados a la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos y el 66,1 % de reingresos. Hospitalización media: 16 días (6,5-49,0); diferencias en edad de ingreso según patologías (p = 0,032). Hubo más reingresos en niños con daño neurológico y síndrome de Down (p = 0,004). Los niños con asistencia ventilatoria invasiva presentaron más días de hospitalización (p < 0,001) y reingresos (p < 0,001).Conclusión: El índice ocupacional fue superior al 90 %; permitió mayor disponibilidad de camas intensivas y egresar a todos los pacientes. Los niños con asistencia ventilatoria invasiva se hospitalizaron más tiempo y reingresaron más

Introduction: Hospitalized patients with high respiratory technology dependency are increasingly common and result in lengthy stays in intensive care units. Strategies mitigating its impact have been scarcely described.Objective: To describe a 6-year experience in a Pediatric Prolonged Mechanical Ventilation Unit.Methods: Retrospective study. All children admitted to the unit between October 2012 and December 2018 were included. Descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used, analyzing lengths of stay and readmissions. Different outcome measures were compared according to the type of pathology and mechanical ventilation.Results: A total of 113 patients had 310 admissions to the unit. Age at admission: 2.2 years (0.6-8.8); males: 60.2 %. Pathologies: neuromuscular disease (22.1 %), chronic lung disease (20.4 %), neurological damage (34.5 %), upper airway obstruction (9.7 %), heart disease (3.5 %), Down syndrome (9.7 %). A total of 10 507 bed-days were used; with a 92.6 % occupancy rate, 54.8 % of transfers to the intensive care unit, and 66.1 % of readmissions. Mean length of stay: 16 days (6.5-49.0); differences in age at admission observed by pathology (p = 0.032). More readmissions were observed in children with neurological damage and Down syndrome (p = 0.004). Children with invasive ventilation were observed to have a longer length of stay (p < 0.001) and more readmissions (p < 0.001).Conclusion: The occupancy rate at the PMVU was over 90 %, which allowed more available intensive care beds and discharging all patients. Children with invasive ventilation had a longer length of stay and more readmissions.

Variación de los biomarcadores tumorales en pacientes con enfermedades respiratorias crónicas / Variation of tumoral biomarkers in patients with chronic respiratory diseases

Introducción: Los biomarcadores son sustancias biológicas o bioquímicas que aparecen como respuesta del organismo ante ciertos tipos de tumores y que reflejan la etapa y el grado de estos. Objetivo: Determinar la asociación de los marcadores tumorales con los procesos respiratorios crónicos. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de 306 pacientes diagnosticados con enfermedades respiratorias crónicas, atendidos en las consultas comunitarias de neumología de la provincia de Santiago de Cuba, de enero del 2014 a diciembre del 2018. Resultados: En la serie predominaron el sexo masculino y las edades de 60 a 69 años, así como las enfermedades intersticiales, la bronquitis crónica y la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica. De igual modo, resultaron importantes los estudios radiológicos para la detección de procesos neoplásicos, sobre todo el empleo de la tomografía axial computarizada. Por otra parte, los marcadores que presentaron valores alterados fueron el CYFRA 21.1 y el CA 72.4, de manera que se demostró su asociación con los procesos respiratorios crónicos. Conclusiones: Los biomarcadores tumorales son una herramienta útil en el seguimiento de pacientes con neoplasias malignas, pero también muestran valores alterados ante la presencia de varias enfermedades respiratorias crónicas sin que ello represente la existencia de un proceso maligno.

Introduction: Biomarkers are biological or biochemical substances which emerge as a response of the organism on certain types of tumors and which reflect the stage or degree of them. Objective: To determine the association of tumoral markers with the chronic respiratory events. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional study of 306 patients diagnosed with chonic respiratory diseases and assisted at the Pneumology community outpàtients from Santiago de Cuba province was carried out from January, 2014 to December, 2018. Results: Male sex and ages between 60 o 69 years as well as interstitial diseases, chronic bronchitis and the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease predominated in the series. Likewise, radiological studies were also important for detecting neoplasic processes, mainly with the use of the axial computerized tomography. On the other side, markers presenting altered values were the CYFRA 21.1 y el CA 72.4, so that its association with the chronic respiratory processes. Conclusions: Tumoral biomarkers are an usefull tool in the follow-up of patients with malignant neoplasies, but also they show altered values in the presence of different chronic respiratory diseases, which doesn´t mean there is a malignant process.

Aspectos nutricionales de las enfermedades respiratorias crónicas de la infancia / Nutritional aspects of chronic respiratory diseases of childhood

Chronic respiratory diseases compromise oxygenation to a variable degree and cause problems in the use of nutrients, the generation of energy and the use of it by different tissues and organs, with potential damage to respiratory function and non-respiratory systems. The available evidence indicates that both the available energy and some micronutrients, particularly with antioxidant activity, during pregnancy, are key for an adequate lung development and therefore an adequate pulmonary function in preterm infants, infants and older children, particularly if they attend bronchopulmonary dysplasia. However, both maternal and fetal malnutrition, as well as deficiencies of certain nutrients and the presence of overweight or obesity in the child, would influence the development of asthma in childhood. With regard to nutritional assistance, correction of nutritional deficit as well as micronutrients are essential in the treatment of diseases such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia, bronchiolitis obliterans and asthma. This review aims to establish how nutrition determines the development, evolution and prognosis of these pathologies and the need to consider nutritional assistance in the comprehensive care of these patients.

Las enfermedades respiratorias crónicas comprometen la oxigenación en grado variable y ocasionan problemas en el uso de los nutrientes, la generación de energía y la utilización de ésta por los distintos tejidos y órganos, con potencial daño en la función respiratoria y en los sistemas no respiratorios. La evidencia disponible señala que tanto la energía disponible y algunos micronutrientes, particularmente con actividad antioxidante, durante la gestación, son claves para un adecuado desarrollo pulmonar y por lo tanto una adecuada función pulmonar en prematuros, lactantes y niños mayores, en particular si cursan con displasia broncopulmonar. Sin embargo tanto la desnutrición materna y fetal, como las deficiencias de ciertos nutrientes y la presencia de sobrepeso u obesidad en el niño, influirían en el desarrollo de asma en la infancia. En lo referente a la asistencia nutricional, la corrección del déficit nutricional así como de micronutrientes, es indispensable en el tratamiento de enfermedades como la displasia broncopulmonar, la bronquiolitis obliterante y el asma. Esta revisión pretende establecer cómo la nutrición determina el desarrollo, evolución y pronóstico de estas patologías y la necesidad de considerar la asistencia nutricional en la atención integral de estos pacientes.

La estructura factorial de la Escala hospitalaria de Ansiedad y Depresión en pacientes adolescentes con enfermedad crónica / Factor structure of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in adolescent patients with chronic disease

Introducción. La Escala hospitalaria de Ansiedad y Depresión (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, HADS) es un instrumento de pesquisa, utilizado para evaluar sintomatología emocional en diferentes poblacionesy patologías médicas. Este estudio analiza las propiedades psicométricas y la estructura factorial de la HADS en adolescentes con enfermedad crónica y las diferencias en función de la patología médica. Método. La HADS fue administrada a una muestra de 302 adolescentes con enfermedad crónica. Se realizaron análisis factoriales exploratorios con una submuestra de 100 adolescentes y análisis factoriales confirmatorios con el resto de los participantes (202) para analizar la validez y fiabilidad de la HADS (14 ítems); además se calculó el análisis de la varianza de un factor para analizar las diferencias entre patologías. Resultados. Pacientes de 12 a 16 años de edad, con una distribución similar por género; el 43 % padecía enfermedades respiratorias, y el 47 %, endocrinológicas. La estructura original de dos factores (ansiedad y depresión) fue la que mostró buenos índices de ajuste e incorporó un factor de 2° orden (malestar emocional). Tres de los ítems originales de la escala fueron eliminados; se obtuvo, finalmente, una nueva versión de 11 ítems. Esta mostró adecuadas propiedades psicométricas y se observaron diferencias entre pacientes con diabetes mellitus 1 y con patología respiratoria, pero no en talla baja, en el factor de depresión. Conclusiones. Esta escala presenta una adecuada fiabilidad y validez en pacientes con enfermedad crónica pediátrica y resulta útil para la detección temprana de clínica ansioso-depresiva en el ámbito sanitario.

Introduction. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) is a screening instrument that assesses emotional symptoms in different populations and medical conditions.This study analyzes the psychometric properties and factor structure of the HADS in adolescents with chronic disease and the differences based on their medical condition. Method. The HADS was administered to a sample of 302 adolescents with chronic disease. Exploratory factor analyses were done in a sub-sample of 100 adolescents, while confirmatory factor analyses were performed in the rest of participants (202) to examine the validity and reliability of the HADS (14 items); an analysis of variance for a single factor was also done to study differences among diseases.Results. Patients were aged 12-16 years, with a similar sex ratio; 43 % had respiratory diseases and 47 %, endocrine disorders. The original two-factor structure (anxiety and depression) showed adequate fit indices and incorporated a second-order factor (emotional distress). Three of the original items were removed, thus obtaining a new 11-item version. This showed adequate psychometric properties, and differences were observed between patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and those with respiratory disease, but not in terms of short stature, in the depression factor.Conclusions. The HADS displays an adequate reliability and validity in pediatric patients with chronic disease and is useful for the early detection of anxiety and depression in the health care setting

Risk Factors For Chronic Respiratory Diseases Among Rural Adults in Northwest India

Chronic respiratory diseases(CRD) remain a formidable challenge for public health experts acrossthe world due to their ever increasing morbidity and mortality. This study investigated various riskfactors for CRD among rural adults aged 20 years and above. The study was conducted in fourvillages under sub-health centre Domana in Kot Balwal health block and these villages wereselected randomly. For this cross-sectional population based study, a pre-tested respiratory healthquestionnaire was used. Those respondents who were found to be diagnosed cases of CRD werefurther enquired in detail about various risk factors for CRD. Out of 2018 respondents surveyed,177confirmed cases of CRD were detected.Various risk factors like being male, smoking, overcrowding,recurrent chest infections and use of non-clean fuel (wood, cow dung) were found to bestatistically significant. Among other risk factors, ventilation and history of allergy were found tobe highly significant statistically (p< 0.000). Smoking, recurrent chest infections, use of biomass fuel,ventilation and history of allergy were risk factors for CRD in rural adults aged 20 years andabove.

Evaluation of skin prick test to screen dust mite sensitization in chronic respiratory diseases in Southern Vietnam

BACKGROUND: In the view of the epidemic growth of sensitization to indoor allergens in Southern Vietnam, there is a requirement to screen large population. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate skin prick tests (SPTs) as predictors of positive specific IgE (sIgE) to dust allergens, among patients with chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs). METHODS: The sensitization to Blomia tropicalis (Blo t), Dermatophagoides pteronissinus (Der p), and Blattella germanica allergens (Bla g) were evaluated among 610 CRD, both SPT (≥4 mm) and sIgE by immuno-CAP (≥0.7 kUA/L). RESULTS: Based on sIgE, 45%, 32%, and 33% of patients with CRD were sensitized to Blo t, Der p, and Bla g, respectively, compared to 19%, 18%, and 13% by SPT. The association between SPT and sIgE was statistically significant, though the Kappa factor was fair (i.e., 0.39 to 0.23). While the specificity of SPT to detect sensitization (compared to sIgE) was >90% among the whole population, the sensitivity was only 34%, 41%, and 24% for Bo t, Der p, and Bla g, suggesting that SPT was not enough sensitive to screen the indoor allergen sensitization. Though, among the < 10 pack-year (PY) smokers, the sensitivity was 43% for Blo t, 52% for Der p, and 61% for Blo t and/or Der p, compared to 27%, 30%, and 35% among the ≥10 PY smokers. The sensitivity/specificity was not associated with the diagnosis of asthma compared to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. CONCLUSION: In the present circumstance, SPT to dust mites allergens can be used to detect a sensitization among CRD population in Southern Vietnam.

Prevalencia de caries temprana de la infancia en niños con enfermedades respiratorias crónicas / Prevalence of early childhood caries in children with chronic respiratory diseases

Introducción: Se ha estipulado que los niños con condiciones crónicas de salud, pueden tener un alto riesgo de caries. Aunque la literatura sobre caries tempranas de la infancia (CTI) es extensa, poco se sabe acerca de su prevalencia en niños con estas condiciones. Objetivo: Conocer la prevalencia de CTI en niños con enfermedades respiratorias crónicas (ERC) en el Hospital Calvo Mackenna, Santiago, Chile y determinar su asociación con CTI. Pacientes y Método: Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal, sobre un total de 120 niños de 2 a 5 años 11 meses de edad, un grupo de estudio de 60 niños con ERC y un grupo control de 60 niños sanos fueron analizados. Se diagnosticó CTI de acuerdo a la definición aceptada por la AAPD, mediante un examen oral realizado por un operador bajo condiciones estandarizadas. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó el programa Stata 11. Resultados: La prevalencia de CTI fue de 53 por ciento en niños con ERC y 25 por ciento en niños sanos (p < 0,0001). El valor de Qdds Ratio para niños con ERC fue de 7,046 mostrando un incremento del riesgo de CTI, comparado con niños sanos. (95 por ciento CI: 2,372-20,929). Conclusión: En esta población, los niños con ERC presentan una alta prevalencia de CTI. En esta muestra se encontró una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre CTI y ERC.

Introduction: Children with chronic health conditions may have an increased risk for developing caries. Although the literature on early childhood cavities (ECC) is extensive, little is known about its prevalence in children with these conditions. objective: To determine the prevalence of ECC in children with chronic respiratory disease (CRD) at Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital in Santiago, Chile, and to determine their association. Patients and Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed on 120 children aged 2 to 5 years 11 months, a study group of 60 children with CRD and a control group of 60 healthy children were analyzed. ECC was diagnosed meeting the ALAPD criteria, an oral exam conducted by an operator under standardized conditions. The Stata 11 program was used for statistical analysis. results: The prevalence of ECC was 53 percent in children with CRD and 25 percent in healthy children (p < 0.0001). The value of odds ratio for children with CRD was 7.046 showing an increased risk of ECC compared with healthy children. (95 percent CI: 2.372 to 20.929). Conclusion: In this population, children with CRD have a high prevalence of ECC. In this sample, a statistically significant association between ECC and CRD was found.

Bibliometric analysis of the therapy “Dongbing-Xiazhi” on chronic respiratory diseases / 国际中医中药杂志

Based on the literatures published from January 1994 to December 2008 on chronic respiratory diseases treated by the therapy of “Dongbing-Xiazhi” (which means treating diseases occurred in winter but treated in summer),the time,region,specific therapies,herbs,and acupoints of these literature were reviewed end analyzed by bibliometric methods to explore its distribution and trends.The research showed that the therapy was effective and widely used in recurrent chronic respiratory diseases.It also demonstrated that such studies as focusing on the scientific design and the mechanism were needed.